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J Clin Pathol 55:244-265
  • Review

The causal relation between human papillomavirus and cervical cancer

Table 7

Theoretical models of sufficient causes for cervical cancer and environmental risk factors

Sufficient cause Model 1 Sufficient cause Model 2 Sufficient cause Model 3 Sufficient cause Model 4
HPV, human papillomavirus.
HPV DNA in cervical exfoliates HPV DNA in cervical exfoliates and any other combination of factors High parity Smoking None of the four factors

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