ORIGINAL ARTICLE

High-frequency promoter hypermethylation of the deleted in liver cancer-1 gene in multiple myeloma

Y-F Song¹, R Xu², X-H Zhang³, B-B Chen¹, Q Chen¹, Y-M Chen¹ and Y Xie¹

¹ Department of Hematology, Hua Shan Hospital, Fu Dan University, Shanghai, China
² Center of Clinical Laboratory of Shanghai, Shanghai
³ Division of Internal Medicine, 3rd Peoples Hospital of Luohe, Luohe, China

Correspondence to:
Correspondence to:
Y-F Song
Department of Hematology, Hua Shan Hospital, Fu Dan University, 12 Wu Lu Mu Qi Zhong Road, Shanghai 200040, China; songyf03{at}yahoo.com

Background: Deleted in liver cancer-1 (DLC-1) is a tumour suppressor gene that is inactive in liver carcinogenesis. It encodes a -guanosine triphosphatase-activating protein (-GAP) and maps to one of the deleted regions (8p21.3–22). Little is known, however, about the methylation status of the DLC-1 promoter in myeloma cells.

Aim: To identify whether methylation of DLC-1 was associated in pathogenesis of multiple myeloma.

Methods: Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect DLC-1 transcripts in RPMI 8226, U266, OPM-2 and XG-2 cell lines. The methylation status was determined by methylation-specific PCR followed by bisulphite DNA sequencing in these four cell lines and in the bone marrow of 14 patients with multiple myeloma and 4 normal patients. DLC-1 mRNA expression in cells with or without treatment with 5-aza-deoxycytidine (5-aza-CdR) or trichostatin A (TSA) was investigated by real-time RT-PCR.

Results: RPMI 8226 and U266 showed complete methylation and XG-2 showed partial methylation. DLC-1 was expressed only in OPM-2 cell lines that showed no methylation. DLC-1 methylation was shown in 11 of 14 (78%) patients with multiple myeloma and none of the normal controls. The exposure of cell lines to 5-aza-CdR or TSA resulted in the up regulation of DLC-1 gene expression.

Conclusions: DLC-1 methylation is often present in multiple myeloma and has a key role in DLC-1 silencing.

Abbreviations: 5-aza-CdR, 5-aza-deoxycytidine; CpG, cytosine-deoxyribose phosphates followed immediately by a guanine-deoxyribose phosphate; DLC-1, deleted in liver cancer-1 gene; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GTPase, guanosine triphosphatase; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; HDAC, histone deacetylase inhibitor; MSP, methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction; -GAP, -guanosine triphosphatase-activating protein; RT-PCR, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction; Tm, melting temperature; TSA, trichostatin A

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