| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS | REGISTER |
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
|
|
|||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
REVIEW |
Correspondence to:
Dr R C Spencer, Public Health Laboratory, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Marlborough Street, Bristol BS2 8 HW, UK;
robert.spencer{at}ubht.swest.nhs.uk
ABSTRACT
The events of 11 September 2001 and the subsequent anthrax outbreaks have shown that the West needs to be prepared for an increasing number of terrorist attacks, which may include the use of biological warfare. Bacillus anthracis has long been considered a potential biological warfare agent, and this review will discuss the history of its use as such. It will also cover the biology of this organism and the clinical features of the three disease forms that it can produce: cutaneous, gastrointestinal, and inhalation anthrax. In addition, treatment and vaccination strategies will be reviewed.
Keywords: Bacillus anthracis; biological warfare
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  C. Carnrot, L. Wang, D. Topalis, and S. Eriksson Mechanisms of substrate selectivity for Bacillus anthracis thymidylate kinase Protein Sci., September 1, 2008; 17(9): 1486 - 1493. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Kubler-Kielb, E. Vinogradov, H. Hu, S. H. Leppla, J. B. Robbins, and R. Schneerson Saccharides cross-reactive with Bacillus anthracis spore glycoprotein as an anthrax vaccine component PNAS, June 24, 2008; 105(25): 8709 - 8712. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Xu, H. Fang, and D. M. Frucht Anthrax Lethal Toxin Increases Superoxide Production in Murine Neutrophils via Differential Effects on MAPK Signaling Pathways J. Immunol., March 15, 2008; 180(6): 4139 - 4147. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 I. J. Glomski, J.-P. Corre, M. Mock, and P. L. Goossens Noncapsulated Toxinogenic Bacillus anthracis Presents a Specific Growth and Dissemination Pattern in Naive and Protective Antigen-Immune Mice Infect. Immun., October 1, 2007; 75(10): 4754 - 4761. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Chakrabarty, W. Wu, J. L. Booth, E. S. Duggan, N. N. Nagle, K. M. Coggeshall, and J. P. Metcalf Human Lung Innate Immune Response to Bacillus anthracis Spore Infection Infect. Immun., August 1, 2007; 75(8): 3729 - 3738. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Lee, J. W. Costerton, J. Ravel, R. K. Auerbach, D. M. Wagner, P. Keim, and J. G. Leid Phenotypic and functional characterization of Bacillus anthracis biofilms Microbiology, June 1, 2007; 153(6): 1693 - 1701. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Tessier, C. Green, D. Padgett, W. Zhao, L. Schwartz, M. Hughes, and E. Hewlett Contributions of Histamine, Prostanoids, and Neurokinins to Edema Elicited by Edema Toxin from Bacillus anthracis Infect. Immun., April 1, 2007; 75(4): 1895 - 1903. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. J. Abergel, M. K. Wilson, J. E. L. Arceneaux, T. M. Hoette, R. K. Strong, B. R. Byers, and K. N. Raymond Anthrax pathogen evades the mammalian immune system through stealth siderophore production PNAS, December 5, 2006; 103(49): 18499 - 18503. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. R. Lyons, J. Lovchik, J. Hutt, M. F. Lipscomb, E. Wang, S. Heninger, L. Berliba, and K. Garrison Murine Model of Pulmonary Anthrax: Kinetics of Dissemination, Histopathology, and Mouse Strain Susceptibility Infect. Immun., August 1, 2004; 72(8): 4801 - 4809. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. W. Chensue Exposing a Killer: Pathologists Angle for Anthrax Am. J. Pathol., November 1, 2003; 163(5): 1699 - 1702. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS | REGISTER |
| Journal of Clinical Pathology | Molecular Pathology |
